Internet History

• Internet began as a research network funded by the advanced research projects agency (ARPA) of the U.S. Defense Department when the ARPANET was installed at the University of California in September 1969.


• In mid-1970s, the ARPANET embraced more than 30 universities, military sites and government contractors.


• In 1985, National Science Foundation (NSF) with ARPA funded program for improving bandwidth from 56 kbps to T1 and then T2.


• By 2001, there were 407.1 million users of the internet, representing 6.71 percent of the world population.

Internetworking

• Local area network (LAN) can be connected to others LANs to form a wide area network (WAN).


• LANs and WANs can also be connected to the internet through a server that provides both the necessary software for the internet and the physical data connection.

Top-Level Domains

• Domain Name System (DNS) was developed to rationally assign names and addresses to computers linked to the internet.


• Top-Level Domain (TLD) were establish as categories to accommodate all users of the internet:
  1. com = commercial entities
  2. edu = degree-granting colleges and universities
  3. gov = state and local agencies registry in the country domain
  4. org = miscellaneous and non-government organizations

IP Address and Data Packets

• When a stream data sent over the internet, it is broken down into packets by the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP).


• It includes the address of the receiving computer, a sequence number, error correction information and a small piece data.


• Internet Protocol (IP) then takes over the and actually sends the packet to its destination along a route.


• Some of these numbers are assigned by internet authorities, and some may be dynamically assigned by an Internet Service Provider (ISP).

The Bandwidth Bottleneck

• Is the amount data expressed in bits per second (bps), send from one computer to another in a given of time.


• The faster transmission, the less will spend waiting for text, images, sound, and animated illustration to upload or download.


• To work within the constraints of this bottleneck, multimedia developers have few options:
  1. Compress data as tightly as possible (ZIP, SIT or TAR files)
  2. Require users to download data only once
  3. Design each multimedia element to be efficient
  4. Design alternate low-bandwidth and high-bandwidth navigation paths to accommodate all users.

Internet Services

• Each internet service implemented on an internet server by dedicated software known as a Daemon.
  1. Daemon is agent program that run in background.
  2. Support protocol such as the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) for the World Wide Web, the post Office Protocol (POP) fro e-mail, or the File Transfer Protocol (FTP).

World Wide Web and HTML

• Was designed as a protocol for linking a multiplicity of documents located on computers anywhere within the internet.


• HTTP provided rules for a simple transaction between computers on the internet consisting of:
  1. Establishing a connection
  2. Requesting that a document sent
  3. Sending the document
  4. Closing the connection